Virtual Power Plant with Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Systems for Sustainable Power Grid-Formation, Control Techniques and Demand Response

As the climate crisis worsens, power grids are gradually transforming into a more sustainable state through renewable energy sources (RESs), storage systems (ESSs), and smart loads. Virtual plants (VPP) an emerging concept that can flexibly integrate distributed resources (DERs), managing manage output of each DER unit, as well consumption loads, to balance electricity supply demand in real time. VPPs participate markets, enable self-scheduling RESs, facilitate trading sharing, provide demand-side frequency control ancillary services (D-FCAS) enhance stability system frequency. result, studies considering have become focus recent research, with purpose reducing uncertainty resulting from RESs grid improving technology related management (EMS). However, comprehensive reviews their formation, techniques, D-FCAS still lacking literature. Therefore, this paper aims thorough overview state-of-the-art VPP technologies for building future. The review mainly considers development VPPs, information transmission methods among DERs loads relevant providing VPPs. This describes significant economic, social, environmental benefits technological advancements, challenges, possible future research directions research.